This kind of immigration behavior becomes more normalized and universalized when considered through the specific frame of ethnic return migration. Considering a broad class of ethnic return migrants that includes Diaspora-Israelis alongside cases like Japanese-Brazilians, Transylvanian- Hungarians, and Korean-Chinese, Takeyuki Tsuda argued, “Although ethnicity is generally not a ‘pull’ factor that draws diasporic descendants to the ancestral homeland in search of ancestral heritage, it can be a ‘push’ factor that forces them out of their country of birth.”12 Thus, “Transnational ethnic ties between homelands and their ethnic descendants abroad explain where they go but not why they leave.”13 As this narrower lens provides a comparative framework where push-pull motivations have also been linked,
it may lend deeper insights into the phenomenon of Jewish-American immigration to Israel than general theories of migration.