(1) The case of charging for single EV
In order to verify the effectiveness of the optimized charging model and for the convenience to observe the optimization process, the case of charging for single EV is implemented. Taking 20:00 as the starting time of charging and 12 h as the total charging time, the energy demand of typical charging pattern and optimized charging pattern in different time is shown in Fig. 2.6. As it can be seen, the optimized charging pattern can avoid peak demands and choose intelligently to charge in the time of valley demands, which can reduce charging costs.
(2) The case of charging for multi-EV The starting time of charging and initial SOC should be considered in the case of charging for multi-EV. Therefore, the Gaussian distribution function is implemented to describe the differences. According to data of 2010, the number of automobiles in Beijing reached 4.69 million. Assume the penetration of EVs (defined as the ratio of the number of EVs and the total