If there is interest in the composition of a population, we could use a simple random sample to estimate the proportion of the population p that is composed of elements with a particular trait, such as the proportion of plants that flower in a given year, the proportion of juvenile animals captured, the proportion of females in estrus, and so on. We will consider only classifications that follow binomial trials which means that either an element in the population has the trait of interest (flowering) or not (not flowering) although extending this idea to more complex settings is straightforward.