Boiling Point Elevation
The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution is less than that of pure water.
Consequently the boiling point of the solution is higher than that of pure water
and this difference must be taken into account in the enthalpy balance. The
boiling point rise or boiling point elevation is defined as the difference between
the boiling point of the solution and that of pure water, at the same pressure.
METHODS OF IMPROVING EVAPORATOR EFFICIENCY
In single stage evaporation the enthalpy of the vapour is wasted because
the vapour is either vented to atmosphere or condensed. This poor use of steam
results in low thermal efficiency and a low steam economy. Reusing the vapour,
either by recycling it to the calandria or by passing it to the calandria of a second
evaporator, means that 1 kg of original steam can be used to generate more
than 1 kg of vapour giving economies greater than unity.
Vapour Recompression
(a) Mechanical recompression Mechanical recompression (Figure 27.3(a))
of the exhaust vapour from an evaporator allows the enthalpy of the vapour to be
reused. In com- pressing the vapour its enthalpy is increased to that of the
original steam. Because of inevitable heat losses in the system some make-up
steam will be required but a large increase in economy can be expected. A
major disadvantage of this technique is that a large volume of vapour must be
handled which in turn requires a large compressor; positive displacement
compressors are normally used. The increase in steam economy must be
balanced against the running costs of the compressor.
(b) Steam jet ejector: An alternative method of reusing the vapour is to
inject high pressure steam via a nozzle, or steam jet ejector (Figure 27.3 (b)).
This creates a vacuum which entrains the low pressure vapour from the
evaporator at right angles. The combined stream is then recycled to the
calandria. Again, the fresh steam requirement is reduced but there are several
advantages over mechanical recompression. The steam jet ejector has the
ability to handle very large volumes of vapour and can operate at lower
Page 121 of 151
pressures. There are no moving parts, no power requirement and corrosion
resistant materials can easily be used. The major disadvantage is that optimum
operation of such a device occurs at a specific pressure and temperature;
variation of the conditions in the evaporator may well lead to a reduction in the
economy which can be achieved.
Boiling Point ElevationThe vapour pressure of an aqueous solution is less than that of pure water.Consequently the boiling point of the solution is higher than that of pure waterand this difference must be taken into account in the enthalpy balance. Theboiling point rise or boiling point elevation is defined as the difference betweenthe boiling point of the solution and that of pure water, at the same pressure.METHODS OF IMPROVING EVAPORATOR EFFICIENCYIn single stage evaporation the enthalpy of the vapour is wasted becausethe vapour is either vented to atmosphere or condensed. This poor use of steamresults in low thermal efficiency and a low steam economy. Reusing the vapour,either by recycling it to the calandria or by passing it to the calandria of a secondevaporator, means that 1 kg of original steam can be used to generate morethan 1 kg of vapour giving economies greater than unity.Vapour Recompression(a) Mechanical recompression Mechanical recompression (Figure 27.3(a))of the exhaust vapour from an evaporator allows the enthalpy of the vapour to bereused. In com- pressing the vapour its enthalpy is increased to that of theoriginal steam. Because of inevitable heat losses in the system some make-upsteam will be required but a large increase in economy can be expected. Amajor disadvantage of this technique is that a large volume of vapour must behandled which in turn requires a large compressor; positive displacementcompressors are normally used. The increase in steam economy must bebalanced against the running costs of the compressor.(b) Steam jet ejector: An alternative method of reusing the vapour is toinject high pressure steam via a nozzle, or steam jet ejector (Figure 27.3 (b)).This creates a vacuum which entrains the low pressure vapour from theevaporator at right angles. The combined stream is then recycled to thecalandria. Again, the fresh steam requirement is reduced but there are severaladvantages over mechanical recompression. The steam jet ejector has theability to handle very large volumes of vapour and can operate at lower Page 121 of 151pressures. There are no moving parts, no power requirement and corrosionresistant materials can easily be used. The major disadvantage is that optimumoperation of such a device occurs at a specific pressure and temperature;variation of the conditions in the evaporator may well lead to a reduction in theeconomy which can be achieved.
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