11.McGregor hypothesized that a manager's assumptions about human behavior predetermined his administrative style. Because of the dominance of traditional theory in managerial thought, many managers had long accepted and acted on a set of assumptions that are at best true of only a minority of the population. McGregor labeled as Theory X the following assumptions:
1. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work.
2. Most people must be coerced or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort.
3. People prefer to be directed and wish to avoid responsibility.
12.Theory x sounds very much like a traditional military organization, which, indeed, is where comes from. While McGregor's portrait of the modern industrial citizen can be criticized for imply- ing greater pessimism concerning human nature on the part of managers than is perhaps warranted, Theory x is all the more valuable as a memorable theoretical construct because it serves as such a polar opposite of Theory Y. which assumes the following: 1. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest 2. A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he is committed. 3. Avoidance of responsibility lack of ambition, and emphasis on security are generally conse- quences of experience, not inherent human characteristics. 4. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly distributed in the population.