Traditionally, interphase chromatin is classified as either euchromatin or heterochromatin, depending on its level of compaction. Euchromatin has a less compact structure, and is often described as a 11 nm fiber that has the appearance of “beads on a string”, where the beads represent nucleosomes and the string represents DNA. In contrast, heterochromatin is more compact, and is often reported as being composed of a nucleosome array condensed into a 30 nm fiber. It should be noted, however, that the 30 nm fiber has never been visualized in vivo, and its existence is questionable.
With DNA encoding the genetic information of the cell, the condensation of this molecule is obviously more complicated than can be represented by simple 11 nm or 30 nm fiber models. The transcription machinery requires access to the genetic information throughout the cell cycle, while replication machinery will copy the DNA during S-phase. This added complexity is evident in key differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin, and also in the localization of chromatin within the nucleus.
The fact that intrinsic mechanisms exist in the condensation of DNA to control access for transcriptional or replication purposes is reflected in the presence of repetitive DNA elements such as satellite sequences, as well as transposable elements within heterochromatin, particularly in the highly condensed centromeres and telomeres. These regions, which are known as constitutive heterochromatin, remain condensed throughout the cell cycle and are not actively transcribed. Facultative heterochromatin, which can be unwound to form euchromatin, on the other hand, is more dynamic in nature and can form and change in response to cellular signals and gene activity[1]. This region often contains genetic information that will be transcribed during the cell cycle.
Traditionally, interphase chromatin is classified as either euchromatin or heterochromatin, depending on its level of compaction. Euchromatin has a less compact structure, and is often described as a 11 nm fiber that has the appearance of “beads on a string”, where the beads represent nucleosomes and the string represents DNA. In contrast, heterochromatin is more compact, and is often reported as being composed of a nucleosome array condensed into a 30 nm fiber. It should be noted, however, that the 30 nm fiber has never been visualized in vivo, and its existence is questionable.With DNA encoding the genetic information of the cell, the condensation of this molecule is obviously more complicated than can be represented by simple 11 nm or 30 nm fiber models. The transcription machinery requires access to the genetic information throughout the cell cycle, while replication machinery will copy the DNA during S-phase. This added complexity is evident in key differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin, and also in the localization of chromatin within the nucleus.The fact that intrinsic mechanisms exist in the condensation of DNA to control access for transcriptional or replication purposes is reflected in the presence of repetitive DNA elements such as satellite sequences, as well as transposable elements within heterochromatin, particularly in the highly condensed centromeres and telomeres. These regions, which are known as constitutive heterochromatin, remain condensed throughout the cell cycle and are not actively transcribed. Facultative heterochromatin, which can be unwound to form euchromatin, on the other hand, is more dynamic in nature and can form and change in response to cellular signals and gene activity[1]. This region often contains genetic information that will be transcribed during the cell cycle.
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Traditionally, interphase chromatin is classified as either euchromatin or heterochromatin, depending on its level of compaction. Euchromatin has a less compact structure, and is often described as a 11 nm fiber that has the appearance of “beads on a string”, where the beads represent nucleosomes and the string represents DNA. In contrast, heterochromatin is more compact, and is often reported as being composed of a nucleosome array condensed into a 30 nm fiber. It should be noted, however, that the 30 nm fiber has never been visualized in vivo, and its existence is questionable.
With DNA encoding the genetic information of the cell, the condensation of this molecule is obviously more complicated than can be represented by simple 11 nm or 30 nm fiber models. The transcription machinery requires access to the genetic information throughout the cell cycle, while replication machinery will copy the DNA during S-phase. This added complexity is evident in key differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin, and also in the localization of chromatin within the nucleus.
The fact that intrinsic mechanisms exist in the condensation of DNA to control access for transcriptional or replication purposes is reflected in the presence of repetitive DNA elements such as satellite sequences, as well as transposable elements within heterochromatin, particularly in the highly condensed centromeres and telomeres. These regions, which are known as constitutive heterochromatin, remain condensed throughout the cell cycle and are not actively transcribed. Facultative heterochromatin, which can be unwound to form euchromatin, on the other hand, is more dynamic in nature and can form and change in response to cellular signals and gene activity[1]. This region often contains genetic information that will be transcribed during the cell cycle.
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