The impact of in-house teacher training appears to be less influential than teaching materials, as can be inferred from the 9% increase in the pass rate modeled when PRG (in-house teacher training) is added to the baseline B.A. teacher qualification. The largest value-added increments are seen when teacher training is combined with materialsinnovation. A 20% increase in the pass rate was modeled when business simulation materials are combined with teacher training done in house. The largest value (a 25%increase over the baseline) is added when video materials and in-house teacher training areused together. Program Issue 5: What impact does teacher qualification have on outcomes? Here we take the baseline data as thestarting point and find that 64% of the Korean candidates would 'pass' the 447 TOEIC exit criterion (Table 2k). When we model in the effect of teachers having any MA/M.Ed. degree, we notice virtually no change in the pass rate. This implies that unspecified MA/M.Ed. degrees do not translate to more effective instruction or gain on the TOEIC. In contrast, there is a slight increase in the pass rate when teachers have a TESL certification (but not necessarily any MA/M.Ed. degree). This outcome corroborates the earlier (Table 1k) observed teacher qualification effect. Table 2k Lower-Bound Simulation (Korea