The four principal alternative water-supply technologies used in arsenic mitigation to date are: dugwells, deep tubewells, pond-sand filters, and rainwater harvesting systems. Dugwells are large diameter wells manually constructed, lined with concrete rings, and covered by a concrete slab or a metal sheet with ventilation. A hand-pump is used for withdrawing the water. A small apron to protect against short-circuiting by contaminants sur-rounds dugwells. The deep tubewells in the study all had hand-pumps for water withdrawal and were sunk into deeper aquifers (typically 300 feet or more). All the deep tubewells had small aprons around the wellhead to provide protection against short-circuiting by contaminants. The pond-sand filters are designed as a slow sand filtration system with water drawn from an adjacent pond. In this study, the pond-sand filters had an initial roughing filter to reduce turbidity and a final sand-bed for slow sand filtration. The rainwater harvesting systems were all individual household systems with foul-flush mechanisms and taps for removal of water. The designs for each technology were consistent within each group. Although the water supplies were constructed under different programmes, in many cases, the construction agency did not v