2.3.3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis
Atomic force microscopy analysis was done by Veeco device (Auto
Probe-CP-Research, USA). The analysis was performed in contact
mode with the scanning speed of 2 Hz and a resolution of 256 × 256
and a silicon cantilever with a height of 10–15 μm and a diameter of
10 nm. The roughness parameters in terms of peak to valley distance
(Ra), mean roughness (Rm) and root mean square roughness (RRMS)
are calculated [43–46]. The mean roughness (Rm) and RMS roughness
(RRMS) are described as follows, respectively