Takii (2001) was the first study on spillovers in Indonesia that used panel data, which allowed him to control for plant-specific effects. He examined spillovers during 1990-95 using a translog production function and found positive effect on value added in local firms from the share of foreign employment in the same three-digit International Standard Industrial overs were relatively large in sector with relatively new foreign plants and with low gaps in labor productivity between foreign and domestic plants. Takii also found that R&D positively affected spillovers on locally owned plants.