on ‘‘Greening Transport’’ (EU 2008). Road transport must therefore increase
energy efficiency, not only because of oil price volatility, but also due to continuous
regulations (Euro class 6 expected to be in force starting 2014). Key measures
thereto are improved engines and fuels, and fuel-efficient driving. Further,
the optimal consolidation of road transport shall enable a reduction in the number
of operating vehicles, as well as an increased load factor per vehicle. This is a
special challenge for logistics companies with a dense transport network.
Regarding railways, the general EU policy has been to favor development of
rail transport by increasing reliability, competition and capacity, and hence its
attractiveness relative to other modes. The 2006 Mid-Term Review of the