to some land. The traditional socio-economic struc- the ture was undermined by the labour needs of the natu capitalist mode of production (eg in mines or on valu plantations). These were often met by restricting and peasants' access to land resources, and by coercing the c people (either directly through forced-abour sys- relat tems or indirectly through taxation) into migration 23. to work as waged labourers in the capitalist sector As the influence of capitalism spread, populations 1 that previously had supplied most of their own needs were confronted by a new need to earn money to operate in the capitalist economy. Further, as incorporation proceeded, rural populations came to experience and recognise their relative deprivation. While some sought to improve their position by 2. staying in rural areas (adaptation), many saw better prospects in the cities (migration). Following independence, national attempts to achieve rapid economic growth, principally through the intensi- fied exploitation of natural resources, the com- mercialisation of agriculture and industrialisation. had a powerful impact on the level and pattern of migration. with rural people attracted to urban areas in increasing numbers. Zelinsky's (1971) hypothesis of the mobility tran- 3. F sition was an early attempt to relate the changing nature of migration to levels of development." As is Table 23.2 shows, each stage of the mobility transi- tion may be related to a corresponding stage in the demographic transition (see Box 4.1). Although the universality of the model has been questioned th
the basic assumption of systematic changes in nature of mobility over time retains analytical value. Using Zelinsky's model as a base Brom and Sanders (1981)7 provided a model to illustrate the changing importance of the major development- related factors underlying migration (Figure 23.1) Early migration streams are seen as the result of a chain effect, origin-pushed and oriented towards opportunities in the informal smalt scale enterprise labour market. At this level of development, rural-rural migration is as likely as rural-urban movement. 2. As development proceeds, migration flows by better-off social classes are pulled by education and modern-sector employment opportunit but retain a significant chain dimension owing to rudimentary transportation and communi- cation systems At the same time, migration less well-off social classes maintains its origin push motivation, orientation towards the infor mal labour market, and chain characteristics Rural-urban flows increase. 3. Finally, as development reaches advanced level. migration of all social is oriented towards formal modem employment. Formal communication chann are the primary sources of information. reducing and, in many instances. climinala the chain dimension. The dominant pattern of
to some land. The traditional socio-economic struc- the ture was undermined by the labour needs of the natu capitalist mode of production (eg in mines or on valu plantations). These were often met by restricting and peasants' access to land resources, and by coercing the c people (either directly through forced-abour sys- relat tems or indirectly through taxation) into migration 23. to work as waged labourers in the capitalist sector As the influence of capitalism spread, populations 1 that previously had supplied most of their own needs were confronted by a new need to earn money to operate in the capitalist economy. Further, as incorporation proceeded, rural populations came to experience and recognise their relative deprivation. While some sought to improve their position by 2. staying in rural areas (adaptation), many saw better prospects in the cities (migration). Following independence, national attempts to achieve rapid economic growth, principally through the intensi- fied exploitation of natural resources, the com- mercialisation of agriculture and industrialisation. had a powerful impact on the level and pattern of migration. with rural people attracted to urban areas in increasing numbers. Zelinsky's (1971) hypothesis of the mobility tran- 3. F sition was an early attempt to relate the changing nature of migration to levels of development." As is Table 23.2 shows, each stage of the mobility transi- tion may be related to a corresponding stage in the demographic transition (see Box 4.1). Although the universality of the model has been questioned th
the basic assumption of systematic changes in nature of mobility over time retains analytical value. Using Zelinsky's model as a base Brom and Sanders (1981)7 provided a model to illustrate the changing importance of the major development- related factors underlying migration (Figure 23.1) Early migration streams are seen as the result of a chain effect, origin-pushed and oriented towards opportunities in the informal smalt scale enterprise labour market. At this level of development, rural-rural migration is as likely as rural-urban movement. 2. As development proceeds, migration flows by better-off social classes are pulled by education and modern-sector employment opportunit but retain a significant chain dimension owing to rudimentary transportation and communi- cation systems At the same time, migration less well-off social classes maintains its origin push motivation, orientation towards the infor mal labour market, and chain characteristics Rural-urban flows increase. 3. Finally, as development reaches advanced level. migration of all social is oriented towards formal modem employment. Formal communication chann are the primary sources of information. reducing and, in many instances. climinala the chain dimension. The dominant pattern of
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