Colonial Kenya and Uganda formed a customs union in 1917, which Tanzania (then Tanganyika) joined in 1927. After independence, cooperation continued under the East African Common Services Organization. An East African Community was created in 1967 but collapsed in 1977 as a result of political differences. Following efforts at re-integration in the 1990s, the present EAC was established in 2000. A customs onion formally came into effect in 2005, and a Common Market Protocal was signed in November 2009.