The fourth constraint was also strongly emphasized by the authors of the regional needs assessment in Central America. They argued that innovations were driven by market opportunities, and that commodity-based organizations have performed best in enabling farmers to integrate into global value chains. These commodity-based organizations are considered to have contributed more to CD in agricultural innovation than the national and regional AIS at this stage. Market forces provided a pull effect that encouraged farmers to acquire capacities in agricultural innovation. AIS actors could potentially play an important complementary role by focusing on the integration of the more informal and less productive semi-subsistence farming sector that still relies on the production of beans and corn mainly for home consumption. Yet, the AIS in Central America was found to face budgetary limitations and a lack of expertise/incentives to collaborate effectively with the private sector in the field of agricultural innovation.