In our previous study, the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was used to investigate the e↵ect of PTH on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that PTH significantly improves neurological deficit infarct volume, and downregulates the levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-↵ in brain tissue of tMCAO rats. Furthermore, PTH decreases the cytosolic levels of cytochrome C, p53, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 and increases the mitochondrial levels of cytochrome C and Bcl-xl and the phosphorylation levels of Akt and GSK-3, indicating that inhibiting mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis may be one of its important mechanisms [61]. Although much progress has been made in experimental studies, more clinical studies are needed to verify these e↵ects. The pharmacological activities and mechanisms of PTH in vivo have been summarized in Table 2.