Analyzing howurban ecosystems function, provide goods and services for urban dwellers; and how they change, and what allows and limits their performance can add to the understanding of social–ecological dynamics and suggest new avenues for governing and managing urban system for resilience. It remains for future research to demonstrate how the UES framework can provide bridging pathways and processes toward developing urban resilience plans and policies, governance mechanisms that enable polycentrism and integration, and stewardship strategies to help achieve demand and aspirations for sustainable urban growth, human health and well-being, and paving in this way pathways to urban resilience. Remaining challenges include the following: