The Nuremberg Code
According to Bulger (2002)[3], the Nuremberg Code (published in 1949) was
established for the purpose of having a standard by which to judge the Nazi
scientists and physicians during the Nuremberg Trials. It established ten basic
principles that were to be followed by everyone conducting research with
human participants. Informed consent was established as a result of these principles.
The Nuremberg Code states that all those who are participating in an
experiment are required to give voluntary consent free of undue influence such
as “coercion, fraud, duress, or deceit.” However, the Nuremberg Code did not
establish a method that would ensure that its rules were enforced by the physicians/scientists
conducting research.