Nutrition in the elderly is a complex and vital matter. On the one hand energy needs decline with age the result of slower metabolism. Older people simply need fewer calories than younger people and if person become physically inactive energy needs decline further. Complication this seemingly simple equation is the face the older persons need to consume more nutrients – dense food to ensure adequate Nutrient intake. Nutritional problems in older patients may reflect years of subclinical malnutrition possibly paired with nutritional abuse. The clinician must properly evaluate the nutritional status of older patient to restore maintenance of nutritional adequacy. This is essential for maximum resistance to people develop special nutritional requirement but they may also develop special nutritional requirements but they may also develop dietary habits that put them at increased risk for various nutritional deficits. This first installment in a series of articles presents an overview of nutritional in older patients
Aging
for our purposes elderly or old is defined as age greater than 65 years a further demographic breakdown defines the terms young-old as age 65 to 75 years middle-old as 76 to 84 years and old-old as 85 years and older. Aging can also be defined as the accumulation of changes in cells and tissues that increase the risk of death. It is hastened by forcer that ether accelerates cellular loss or retard tissue repair. When loss exceeds repair ensuing cellular attrition eventually.
Primary aging, which involves the natural process of senescence. Examples include facial wrinkles and the need for reading glasses.
Secondary aging,
Physiologic changes
Physiologic changes lead to changes in an older person‘s nutritional requirement so that more or less of a given nutrient may be required for example, caloric intake and protein and amino acid requirement are affected by decreased muscle mass and diminished renal function iron folate and vit b12 absorption are affected by gastric atrophy and hypovitaminosis. Calcium requirement are altered by reduced calcium absorption and bone resorption. The energy provided by food determines the quantit of food required by the body. Energy is measured in a heat unit, or food calorie. The calorie rating given to food indicates the amount of heat energy contained in that food. The average elderly American man reguires a daily total American man reguires a daily total of about 2900 to 3000 calories of food containing fats carbohydrates, and protein each day. The average elderly American woman reguires a daily total of 1600 to 2300 calories. The quality of food is determined by chemical ingredients. Specific compounds and elements are needed to nourish individual cells. At least 45 chemical compounds and elements found in found in food are believed to be essential to human cell; that is they are not synthesized by the body and must by present in the diet. The absence of any 1 essential nutrient can lead to sickness and/or death.
Caloric intake
Caloric intake
The latest recommended daily allowances (RDAs) call for a 10 reduction in caloric intake for people older than 51 years. The basis for this reduction in calories has not yet been precisely determined. Caloric requirements Must cover the amount of energy needed to maintain the physiologic functions of the body (resting metabolism) and that expended in physical activity. an individual’s actual caloric requirement depends on body size and activity. Lean body mass resting metabolic rate and physical activity decline with increasing age so old adults must reduce their caloric intake to compensate for these changes. Essential nutrient re quirements, however do not decline with age. An older person’s consumption of foods that are poor sources of essential the nutrients should be curtailed, while the intake of those that are rich sources of essential nutrients should be maintained.
Proteins and amino acids
although protein requirements in older people must still be determined, 2 things are established. First the amount of body protein a person synthesizes each day decreases with age. Second, a redistribution of the relative amounts synthesized by the various organs takes place. Visceral tissue, for instance, makes a greater overall contribution to synthesized body protein in the old than in young adults. These observation suggest that the total protein requirement per unit of body weight drops with age. But actual measurements do not bear this out. Instead, they indicate that minimum protein needs of healthy adults do not change significantly during a normal lifetime.
As a result of reduced renal function in the old protein intake for older adults should match or slightly exceed the minimum daily requirement for healthy young adults. Furthermore, protein sources should include foods that are easily digested and rich in essential amino acids. Examples include fish, soft cheese, lean meat, fowl, and legumes. Many high-protein food are valuable sources of trace minerals and iron, especially when caloric requirement are low. As a result, protein intake in excess of the RDA is desirable for older people.
In making recommendations for protein consumption by aging adults, 2 opposing considerations must be kept in mind. For one many high-protein foods, such as meats, are excellent sources of vitamins, trace minerals, and iron. They are a particularly valuable source when caloric intake is low, which is why protein intake in excess of the RDA is recommended. In addition, renal function tends to deteriorate with age, so the work of the kidneys is increased by the need to eliminate a large amount of nitrogenous end products when protein intake is high. The logical, practical solution is to strike a balance between these 2 precautions by recommending that the protein content of diet be kept close to 12 of the total calories consumed. This will ensure that protein intake of those whose energy needs are low will be slightly above the RDA without being excessive. Guidelines for assessing the old, including their dietary status, are presented in table3.
Nutrition in the elderly is a complex and vital matter. On the one hand energy needs decline with age the result of slower metabolism. Older people simply need fewer calories than younger people and if person become physically inactive energy needs decline further. Complication this seemingly simple equation is the face the older persons need to consume more nutrients – dense food to ensure adequate Nutrient intake. Nutritional problems in older patients may reflect years of subclinical malnutrition possibly paired with nutritional abuse. The clinician must properly evaluate the nutritional status of older patient to restore maintenance of nutritional adequacy. This is essential for maximum resistance to people develop special nutritional requirement but they may also develop special nutritional requirements but they may also develop dietary habits that put them at increased risk for various nutritional deficits. This first installment in a series of articles presents an overview of nutritional in older patients
Aging
for our purposes elderly or old is defined as age greater than 65 years a further demographic breakdown defines the terms young-old as age 65 to 75 years middle-old as 76 to 84 years and old-old as 85 years and older. Aging can also be defined as the accumulation of changes in cells and tissues that increase the risk of death. It is hastened by forcer that ether accelerates cellular loss or retard tissue repair. When loss exceeds repair ensuing cellular attrition eventually.
Primary aging, which involves the natural process of senescence. Examples include facial wrinkles and the need for reading glasses.
Secondary aging,
Physiologic changes
Physiologic changes lead to changes in an older person‘s nutritional requirement so that more or less of a given nutrient may be required for example, caloric intake and protein and amino acid requirement are affected by decreased muscle mass and diminished renal function iron folate and vit b12 absorption are affected by gastric atrophy and hypovitaminosis. Calcium requirement are altered by reduced calcium absorption and bone resorption. The energy provided by food determines the quantit of food required by the body. Energy is measured in a heat unit, or food calorie. The calorie rating given to food indicates the amount of heat energy contained in that food. The average elderly American man reguires a daily total American man reguires a daily total of about 2900 to 3000 calories of food containing fats carbohydrates, and protein each day. The average elderly American woman reguires a daily total of 1600 to 2300 calories. The quality of food is determined by chemical ingredients. Specific compounds and elements are needed to nourish individual cells. At least 45 chemical compounds and elements found in found in food are believed to be essential to human cell; that is they are not synthesized by the body and must by present in the diet. The absence of any 1 essential nutrient can lead to sickness and/or death.
Caloric intake
Caloric intake
The latest recommended daily allowances (RDAs) call for a 10 reduction in caloric intake for people older than 51 years. The basis for this reduction in calories has not yet been precisely determined. Caloric requirements Must cover the amount of energy needed to maintain the physiologic functions of the body (resting metabolism) and that expended in physical activity. an individual’s actual caloric requirement depends on body size and activity. Lean body mass resting metabolic rate and physical activity decline with increasing age so old adults must reduce their caloric intake to compensate for these changes. Essential nutrient re quirements, however do not decline with age. An older person’s consumption of foods that are poor sources of essential the nutrients should be curtailed, while the intake of those that are rich sources of essential nutrients should be maintained.
Proteins and amino acids
although protein requirements in older people must still be determined, 2 things are established. First the amount of body protein a person synthesizes each day decreases with age. Second, a redistribution of the relative amounts synthesized by the various organs takes place. Visceral tissue, for instance, makes a greater overall contribution to synthesized body protein in the old than in young adults. These observation suggest that the total protein requirement per unit of body weight drops with age. But actual measurements do not bear this out. Instead, they indicate that minimum protein needs of healthy adults do not change significantly during a normal lifetime.
As a result of reduced renal function in the old protein intake for older adults should match or slightly exceed the minimum daily requirement for healthy young adults. Furthermore, protein sources should include foods that are easily digested and rich in essential amino acids. Examples include fish, soft cheese, lean meat, fowl, and legumes. Many high-protein food are valuable sources of trace minerals and iron, especially when caloric requirement are low. As a result, protein intake in excess of the RDA is desirable for older people.
In making recommendations for protein consumption by aging adults, 2 opposing considerations must be kept in mind. For one many high-protein foods, such as meats, are excellent sources of vitamins, trace minerals, and iron. They are a particularly valuable source when caloric intake is low, which is why protein intake in excess of the RDA is recommended. In addition, renal function tends to deteriorate with age, so the work of the kidneys is increased by the need to eliminate a large amount of nitrogenous end products when protein intake is high. The logical, practical solution is to strike a balance between these 2 precautions by recommending that the protein content of diet be kept close to 12 of the total calories consumed. This will ensure that protein intake of those whose energy needs are low will be slightly above the RDA without being excessive. Guidelines for assessing the old, including their dietary status, are presented in table3.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
