The focus of this course is on bibliographic research, which is any research in which information is gathered from published materials. Traditionally, this has included books, magazines, journals, newspapers and various specialized documents. In addition to printed materials, bibliographic research may also include audio and video recordings, photographs, films, and, more recently, computer-based programs and online information. Until recently, most bibliographic research was done only in libraries, but with the arrival of the computer certain amounts and kinds of bibliographic research can now be done wherever a computer and phone line or network connection are available.