Not only does depression have a negative impact on overall quality of life, productivity, and
earlier life roles (e.g. educational attainment, marital timing and stability, and parental
function), but it also has a detrimental impact on late life, such as increased days out of life
roles, job loss, and diminished financial success.45 This section will provide a concrete
example of the indirect costs of depression, namely the relationship between depression and
retirement, where adverse consequences may work in both directions.46 This type of work
has previously been conducted in a similar fashion,7,9 examining the complex bidirectional
relations between depression and disability,47 as well as depression and self-rated health.