English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens's works are characterized by attacks on social evils, injustice, and hypocrisy. He had also experienced in his youth oppression, when he was forced to end school in early teens and work in a factory. Dickens's good, bad, and comic characters, such as the cruel miser Scrooge, the aspiring novelist David Copperfield, or the trusting and innocent Mr. Pickwick, have fascinated generations of readers.
"In the little world in which children have their existence, whosoever brings them up, there is nothing so finely perceived and so finely felt, as injustice." (from Great Expectations, 1860-61)
Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, during the new industrial age, which gave birth to theories of Karl Marx. Dickens's father was a clerk in the navy pay office. He was well paid but often ended in financial troubles. In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. The schoolmaster William Giles gave special attention to Dickens, who made rapid progress. In 1824, at the age of 12, Dickens was sent to work for some months at a blacking factory, Hungerford Market, London, while his father John was in Marshalea debtor's prison. "My father and mother were quite satisfied," Dickens later recalled bitterly. "They could hardly have been more so, if I had been twenty years of age, distinguished at a grammar-school, and going to Cambridge." Later this period found its way to the novel Little Dorritt (1855-57). John Dickens paid his £40 debt with the money he inherited from his mother; she died at the age of seventy-nine when he was still in prison.
In 1824-27 Dickens studied at Wellington House Academy, London, and at Mr. Dawson's school in 1827. From 1827 to 1828 he was a law office clerk, and then a shorthand reporter at Doctor's Commons. After learning shorthand, he could take down speeches word for word. At the age of eighteen, Dickens applied for a reader's ticket at the British Museum, where he read with eager industry the works of Shakespeare, Goldsmith's History of England, and Berger's Short Account of the Roman Senate. He wrote for True Sun (1830-32), Mirror of Parliament (1832-34), and the Morning Chronicle (1834-36). Dickens gained soon the reputation as "the fastest and most accurate man in the Gallery", and he could celebrate his prosperity with "a new hat and a very handsome blue cloak with velvet facings," as one of his friend described his somewhat dandyish outlook. In the 1830s Dickens contributed to Monthly Magazine, and The Evening Chronicle and edited Bentley's Miscellany.
These years left Dickens with lasting affection for journalism and suspicious attitude towards unjust laws. His career as a writer of fiction started in 1833 when his short stories and essays to appeared in periodicals. 'A Dinner at Poplar Walk' was Dickens's first published sketch. It appeared in the Monthly Magazine in December 1833. It made him so proud, that he later told that "I walked down to Westminster Hall, and turned into it for half an hour, because my eyes were so dimmed with joy and pride, that they could not bear the street, and were not fit to be seen there." Sketches by Boz, illustrated by George Cruikshank, was published in book form in 1836-37. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club was published in monthly parts from April 1836 to November 1837.
Dickens's relationship with Maria Beadnell, the daughter of a banker, whom he had courted for four years, ended in 1833. Three years later Dickens married Catherine Hogart, the daughter of his friend George Hogarth, who edited the newly established Evening Chronicle. With Catherine he had 10 children; she had dozen or so pregnancies in fifteen years. As she grew more exhausted, Dickens's attention to other women grew more active. Catherine's younger sister Mary began living with the Dickenses soon after the birth of Charley in 1837. Her sudden death by a fatal heart attack devastated Dickens so" much that he break of his work on Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist. For the rest of his life, Dickens wore her ring. Trying to cure Catherine of her headaches and insomnia, Dickens regularly mesmerised his wife. They separated in 1858; Dickens left their house without informing her in advance, and he never saw her again. Catherine received a substantian annual income.
None of Dickens's children inherited their father's overwhelming energy or literary talent. The Dickens boys were on the whole ordinary. Two of them died young, Walter in the army in India, Sydney at sea. Henry Fielding Dickens – "The Jolly Postboy" and "The Comic Countryman" – studied at Cambridge and enjoyed a successful career as a barrister. Mamie, rumoured to have lesbian tendencies, never found happiness in her personal life.
Some biographers have suspected that Dickens was more fond of Catherine's sister, Mary, who moved into their house and died in 1837 at the age of 17 in Dickens's arms. Eventually she became the model for Dora Copperfield. Dickens also wanted to be buried next to her and wore Mary's ring all his life. Another of Catherine's sisters, Georgiana, moved in with the Dickenses, and the novelist fell in love with her. Dickens also had a long liaison with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he had met by the late 1850s.
Dickens's sharp ear for conversation helped him to create colorful characters through their own words. In his daily writing Dickens followed certain rules: "He rose at a certain time, he retired at another, and, though no precisian, it was not often that arrangements varied. His hours for writing were between breakfast and luncheon, and when there was any work to be done, no temptation was sufficiently strong to cause it to be neglected. The order and regularity followed him through the day. His mind was essentially methodical, and in his long walks, in his recreations, in his labour, he was governed by rules laid down for himself – rules well studied beforehand, and rarely departed from. " (anonymous friend, in Charles Dickens, An Illustrated Anthology, Cresent Books, 1995)
The Pickwick Papers were stories about a group of rather odd individuals and their travels to Ipswich, Rochester, Bath, and elsewhere. It was sold at 1 shilling the installment (1836-37), and opened up a market for similar inexpensive books. Many of Dickens's following novels first appeared in monthly installments, including Oliver Twist (1837-39). It depicts the London underworld and hard years of the foundling Oliver Twist, whose right to his inheritance is kept secret by the villainous Mr. Monks. Oliver suffers in a poorfarm and workhouse. He outrages authorities by asking a second bowl of porridge. From a solitary confinement he is apprenticed to a casket maker, and becomes a member of a gang of young thieves, led by Mr. Fagin. Finally Fagin is hanged at Newgate and Mr. Barnlow adopts Oliver. Dickens's portrayal of the horrible living conditions of the urban poor drew attention to the slums of the city. His account of Jacob's Island on the banks of the Thames stirred a heated public controversy. By 1867, the whole slum was cleared and Dickens could note in a new preface to the book, that the place was now "improved and much changed."
David Lean's dark, atmospheric version of Oliver Twist from 1948 is among the best films made from Dickens's novels. Lean's young thieves are as hard and professional as the brutal gang members of Luis Buñuel's Los Olvidados (1950). Alec Guinness played the old, big-nosed Fagin. The caricature upset some Jews in England, as Dickens's novel had done one hundred and ten years earlier. The Zionists protested that the character was presented in the same way that Jews were vilified in the Nazi paper Der Sturmer. American critics attacked the film's alleged anti-Semitism, and cuts were made before it was shown, with twelve minutes missing, in the American theatres. Lean's stylised Great Expectations (1946), based on Dickens's novel, had been a great success in the U.S. "Grandfather would have loved it," said Monica Dickens, the granddaughter of the author, of the film. With these works Lean has been considered an authority on Dickens.
Nicholas Nickelby (1838-39) was a loosely structured tale of young Nickleby's struggles to seek his fortune. A Christmas Carol (1843) is one of Dickens's most loved works, which has been adapted into screen a number of times. The character of Ebenezer Scrooge, the "squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching" miser, has attracted such actors as Seymour Hicks, Albert Finney, Michael Caine, George C. Scott and Alastair Sim. In a pornography version from 1975 Mary Stewart was "Carol Screwge". One of Dickens's cats, Bob, was named after Bob Cratchit, Stooge's assistant. Bob used to walk all over his writings. When the cat died Dickens's sister-in-law had his pawn made into the handle of a letter opener.
Historical subjects did not much interest Dickens. Barnaby Rudge (1841), set at the time of the 'No Popery' riots of 1780, and A Tale of Two Cities (1859) are exceptions. The latter was set in the years of the French Revolution. The plot circles around the look-alikes Charles Darnay, a nephews of a marquis, and Sydney Carton, a lawyer, who both love the same woman, Lucy.
Among Dickens's later works is David Copperfield (1849-50), where he used his own personal experiences of work in a factory. David's widowed mother marries the tyrannical Mr. Murdstone. David becomes friends with Mr. Micawber and his family. "I went in, and found there a stoutish, middle-aged person, in a brown surtout and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face, which he turned full upon me. His clothes were shabby, but he had an imposing short-collar on." Dora, David's first wife, dies and he marries Agnes. He pursues his career a
นิยายภาษาอังกฤษ โดยทั่วไปถือว่ายิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดของยุควิคทอเรีย งานผีมีลักษณะการโจมตีในเรื่องสังคม ความอยุติธรรม และความเจ้าเล่ห์ เขายังมีประสบการณ์ในเยาวชนของเขาบีบบังคับ เมื่อเขาถูกบังคับให้จบโรงเรียนในวัยรุ่นช่วงต้น และทำงานในโรงงาน ผีดี ไม่ดี และตัวการ์ตูน เช่น โหดร้ายคนตระหนี่สครูจ the aspiring novelist David Copperfield, or the trusting and innocent Mr. Pickwick, have fascinated generations of readers.
"In the little world in which children have their existence, whosoever brings them up, there is nothing so finely perceived and so finely felt, as injustice." (from Great Expectations, 1860-61)
Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, during the new industrial age, which gave birth to theories of Karl Marx. Dickens's father was a clerk in the navy pay office. He was well paid but often ended in financial troubles. In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. The schoolmaster William Giles gave special attention to Dickens, who made rapid progress. In 1824, at the age of 12, Dickens was sent to work for some months at a blacking factory, Hungerford Market, London, while his father John was in Marshalea debtor's prison. " My father and mother were quite satisfied," Dickens later recalled bitterly. " They could hardly have been more so, if I had been twenty years of age, distinguished at a grammar-school, and going to Cambridge." ยุคต่อมาพบวิธีการเล็ก ๆน้อย ๆ dorritt นวนิยาย ( 1855-57 ) จอห์น ดิกเคนจ่ายของเขากว่า 40 หนี้ด้วยเงินที่เขาได้รับการถ่ายทอดมาจากแม่ของเขา เธอเสียชีวิตเมื่ออายุ seventy-nine เมื่อเขาอยู่ในคุก
ใน 1824-27 Dickens เรียนที่โรงเรียนเวลลิงตันลอนดอน และที่คุณดอว์สันโรงเรียนในปี 1827 . จาก 1827 ใน 1828 เขาเป็นสำนักงานกฎหมาย เสมียน ,แล้วย่อนักข่าวที่คอมมอนส์ของหมอ หลังจากเรียนชวเลข เขาอาจจะลงคำพูดคำ ตอนอายุสิบแปด ดิกเกนส์ใช้สำหรับเครื่องอ่านบัตรที่พิพิธภัณฑ์แห่งชาติอังกฤษที่เขาอ่านกับอุตสาหกรรมความกระตือรือร้นงานของเชคสเปียร์ , ช่างทองของประวัติศาสตร์อังกฤษและเบอร์เกอร์สั้นบัญชีของโรมันวุฒิสภา เขาเขียนสำหรับดวงอาทิตย์จริง ( 1830-32 )กระจกของรัฐสภา ( 1832-34 ) และตอนเช้าไขลาน ( 1834-36 ) ดิคเก้นส์ได้รับแล้วชื่อเสียงเป็น " มนุษย์ที่เร็วที่สุดและถูกต้องที่สุดใน Gallery " และเขาได้ฉลองความเจริญของเขากับ " หมวกและเสื้อคลุมสีฟ้าหล่อมากด้วยกำมะหยี่หน้า " เป็นหนึ่งในเพื่อนของเขาอธิบายแนวโน้มค่อนข้าง dandyish ของเขา ในยุค 1830 Dickens สนับสนุนนิตยสารรายเดือนและตอนเย็นพงศาวดารและแก้ไขกล่าวเรื่องเบ็ดเตล็ด
ปีนี้เหลือดิกเกนส์กับความรักที่ยาวนานสำหรับวารสารศาสตร์และสงสัยทัศนคติธรรม กฎหมาย อาชีพของเขาในฐานะนักเขียนนิยาย 1833 เมื่อเขาเริ่มที่จะปรากฏในเรื่องสั้นและบทความวารสาร . เย็นที่ป็อปเดินเป็นผีก่อนเผยแพร่ร่าง . มันปรากฏอยู่ในนิตยสารรายเดือนธันวาคม 1833 . It made him so proud, that he later told that "I walked down to Westminster Hall, and turned into it for half an hour, because my eyes were so dimmed with joy and pride, that they could not bear the street, and were not fit to be seen there." Sketches by Boz, illustrated by George Cruikshank, was published in book form in 1836-37.พิมพ์หลังมรณกรรมของพิกคลับถูกตีพิมพ์ในเดือน เมษายน - พฤศจิกายน ส่วน 1836 1837 .
ผีในความสัมพันธ์กับมาเรีย beadnell ลูกสาวของนายธนาคารที่เขาเคยจีบ เป็นเวลา 4 ปี สิ้นสุดใน 1833 . สามปีต่อมา ดิกเคนส์แต่งงานกับแคทเธอรี hogart ลูกสาวของเพื่อนของเขาจอร์จ โฮการ์ธที่จัดตั้งขึ้นใหม่บันทึกแก้ไขเย็น . With Catherine he had 10 children; she had dozen or so pregnancies in fifteen years. As she grew more exhausted, Dickens's attention to other women grew more active. Catherine's younger sister Mary began living with the Dickenses soon after the birth of Charley in 1837. Her sudden death by a fatal heart attack devastated Dickens so" much that he break of his work on Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist. For the rest of his life, Dickens wore her ring. Trying to cure Catherine of her headaches and insomnia, Dickens regularly mesmerised his wife. They separated in 1858; Dickens left their house without informing her in advance, and he never saw her again. Catherine received a substantian annual income.
None of Dickens's children inherited their father's overwhelming energy or literary talent. The Dickens boys were on the whole ordinary. Two of them died young, Walter in the army in India, Sydney at sea. Henry Fielding Dickens – "The Jolly Postboy" and "The Comic Countryman" – studied at Cambridge and enjoyed a successful career as a barrister.เมมี่ว่ามีแนวโน้ม , เลสเบี้ยน , ไม่เคยพบความสุขในชีวิตส่วนตัวของเธอ
ชีวประวัติบางสงสัยว่าผีก็ชอบแคทเธอรีนซิสเตอร์ แมรี่ ที่ย้ายเข้าไปในบ้าน และเสียชีวิตในปี 1837 ที่อายุ 17 ในผีแขน ในที่สุดเธอกลายเป็นนางแบบ Dora คอปเปอร์ฟิลด์ . ดิคเก้นยังอยากอยู่ข้างๆเธอ และสวมแหวนแมรี่ทุกชีวิตของเขา Another of Catherine's sisters, Georgiana, moved in with the Dickenses, and the novelist fell in love with her. Dickens also had a long liaison with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he had met by the late 1850s.
Dickens's sharp ear for conversation helped him to create colorful characters through their own words. In his daily writing Dickens followed certain rules: "He rose at a certain time,เขาเกษียณในอีก และแม้ว่าจะไม่มี precisian มันไม่บ่อยนักที่การจัดเรียงที่แตกต่างกัน ชั่วโมงสำหรับการเขียนของเขาอยู่ระหว่างอาหารเช้าและอาหารกลางวัน และเมื่อมีงานที่จะต้องทำ ไม่ล่อก็เพียงพอที่แข็งแกร่งที่จะทำให้มันถูกละเลย คำสั่งและระเบียบตามเขาผ่านวัน จิตใจของเขาเป็นคนมีระเบียบ และเดินเขาในกิจกรรมของเขาในการงานของเขา เขาถูกควบคุมโดยกฎที่วางไว้สำหรับตัวเองและศึกษากฎให้ดีก่อน และไม่ค่อยออกจาก . ( ไม่ระบุชื่อเพื่อนในชาร์ลส์ ดิคเก้นส์ , กวีนิพนธ์ cresent ภาพประกอบ , หนังสือ , 1995 )
พิควิคเปเปอร์เรื่องราวเกี่ยวกับกลุ่มบุคคล ที่แปลก และการเดินทางของ อิปสวิช โรเชสเตอร์ , อาบน้ำ , และที่อื่น ๆ มันถูกขายที่ 1 ชิลลิ่งงวด ( 1836-37 )และเปิดตลาดสำหรับหนังสือราคาถูกที่คล้ายกัน หลายของดิกเกนส์ตามนวนิยายปรากฏตัวครั้งแรกในงวดรายเดือน รวมถึง โอลิเวอร์ ทวิสต์ ( 1837-39 ) มันแสดงให้เห็นลอนดอนใต้ดินและปีอย่างหนักของเด็กกำพร้าโอลิเวอร์ ทวิสต์ ที่มีสิทธิมรดกของเขาจะถูกเก็บไว้เป็นความลับโดยเป็นคุณพระ โอลิเวอร์ ทนทุกข์ทรมานใน poorfarm และโรงฝึกงาน He outrages authorities by asking a second bowl of porridge. From a solitary confinement he is apprenticed to a casket maker, and becomes a member of a gang of young thieves, led by Mr. Fagin. Finally Fagin is hanged at Newgate and Mr. Barnlow adopts Oliver. Dickens's portrayal of the horrible living conditions of the urban poor drew attention to the slums of the city.บัญชีผู้ใช้ของยาโคบเกาะบนธนาคารของแม่น้ำเทมส์กวนร้อนสาธารณะการโต้เถียง . โดย 1867 , สลัมทั้งล้างและ Dickens จะหมายเหตุในคำนำใหม่กับหนังสือที่กำลังปรับปรุงและเปลี่ยนแปลงมาก . "
เดวิดยันมืด รุ่นบรรยากาศของโอลิเวอร์ ทวิสต์ จาก 2491 เป็นหมู่ที่ดีที่สุดภาพยนตร์สร้างจากนวนิยายผี .ยันหนุ่มขโมยเป็นหนักเป็นมืออาชีพอย่างโหดร้าย สมาชิกแก๊งค์ของกันดั้มเซนติเนลของ Los olvidados ( 2493 ) อเล็กกินเนสส์ เล่นเก่า จมูกใหญ่เฟกิ้น . ภาพล้ออารมณ์เสียบางชาวยิวในอังกฤษ เป็นผีในนวนิยายได้หนึ่งร้อยสิบปีก่อนหน้านี้ โดย Zionists ประท้วงว่าตัวละครถูกนำเสนอในลักษณะเดียวกับที่ชาวยิวถูกป้ายสี ในกระดาษ นาซี เดอ sturmer . American critics attacked the film's alleged anti-Semitism, and cuts were made before it was shown, with twelve minutes missing, in the American theatres. Lean's stylised Great Expectations (1946), based on Dickens's novel, had been a great success in the U.S. "Grandfather would have loved it," said Monica Dickens, the granddaughter of the author, of the film.กับเหล่านี้ทำงานยันได้ถูกถือว่าเป็นผู้มีอำนาจใน Dickens
นิโคลัส nickelby ( 1838-39 ) เป็นโครงสร้างหลวมๆ เรื่องราวของหนุ่ม nickleby ดิ้นรนแสวงหาโชคลาภของเขา วันคริสต์มาส ( 1843 ) เป็นหนึ่งในผี รัก ที่สุดของงาน ซึ่งได้ถูกดัดแปลงเป็นหน้าจอหลายครั้ง ตัวละครของ Ebenezer สครูจ " บีบ บีบ กระเสือกกระสน , ขูด , กำ " คนขี้เหนียว , has attracted such actors as Seymour Hicks, Albert Finney, Michael Caine, George C. Scott and Alastair Sim. In a pornography version from 1975 Mary Stewart was "Carol Screwge". One of Dickens's cats, Bob, was named after Bob Cratchit, Stooge's assistant. Bob used to walk all over his writings. When the cat died Dickens's sister-in-law had his pawn made into the handle of a letter opener.
Historical subjects did not much interest Dickens. Barnaby Rudge (1841), set at the time of the 'No Popery' riots of 1780, and A Tale of Two Cities (1859) are exceptions. The latter was set in the years of the French Revolution. The plot circles around the look-alikes Charles Darnay, a nephews of a marquis, and Sydney Carton, a lawyer, who both love the same woman, Lucy.
Among Dickens's later works is David Copperfield (1849-50), where he used his own personal experiences of work in a factory. David's widowed mother marries the tyrannical Mr. Murdstone. David becomes friends with Mr. Micawber and his family. " I went in, and found there a stoutish, middle-aged person, in a brown surtout and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face, which he turned full upon me. His clothes were shabby, but he had an imposing short-collar on." Dora, David's first wife, dies and he marries Agnes. He pursues his career a
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