Residents, as energy end users, should be given full attention during the retrofitting process, in even more and different ways as happened in the three case studies in Beijing. Residents have their own personal circumstances in terms of age, income level, education, peer groups, lifestyles, and energy use routines. Retrofitting residential buildings with new energy saving technolo- gies without taking these circumstances into consideration might very well play a role in causing dissatisfied residents, misuse of technology, destruction of installed technologies, and waning sup- port for future programs. While our sample size was too small to statistically investigate how personal circumstances and character- istics affect energy saving success, anecdotal evidence from inter- views has pointed in this direction. This would be a major avenue for new research in order to let retrofitting programs better take personal circumstances of residents into consideration, and adapt technological options, related supportive (training) pro- grams, information provision, demonstration sites, and 'after sales' services to those circumstances of residents.