The figures are that 12.5 million Africans got on the boats; 10.7 million got off the boats – the rest died at sea in appalling conditions. Of the remainder, 388,000 came to the United States. To get some perspective on that, Jamaica got a million and Brazil six million. The reason we think of it as an American phenomenon is the visible power of the civil rights movement in America. Even I was shocked. If you asked me when I was a graduate, I would have thought the US had a much larger share. After the importation of slaves was made illegal in the US [in 1808], slave owners turned to breeding slaves. But in other countries, it was cheaper to replace slaves from Africa than breed them. It was brutal in America but you were encouraged to have a family. There was a premium on keeping slaves alive and have them reproduce. It was much more brutal in other places.