innovation in eight European countries (Vigoda-Gadot et al.2008 ) and a discussion of developing countries in the Commonwealth in terms of their experiences in imitating the public-sector reforms of developed countries (Laking and Norman 2007).In another study,Verhoest,Bouckaert,and Peters(2007) identify the trajectory of specialization and coordination in four OECD countries -New Zealand,the United kingdom,Sweden,and France.