by further grow-out of the young colonies in sea-based
nurseries (Epsteinet al.2001; Rinkevich 2005). An added
value of using small fragments is the fact that less material
from donor colonies is needed. Cutting away more than
10% of adult colonies ofStylophora pistillatawas found to
reduce the viability of the donor colonies (Epstein et al.
2001). Additionally, from the perspective of the donor colonies, removal of long branches may render the original
colonies infertile or result in low fecundities for some years,
as observed for colonies ofAcropora palmataafter hurricane-induced natural fragmentation (Lirman 2000).
In addition to size, the type and orientation of fragments
should also be considered. Type of fragment usually refers
to branched species, which can be fragmented in several
ways (Fig. 2a–d): taking single branch tips, dichotomous
branches, cylindrical sections of branches or flat fragments
(i.e. cylindrical cuttings that are longitudinally cut into two
equal pieces). Different fragment types may exhibit different growth and survival rates. Rinkevich (2000) found that
dichotomous branches ofStylophora pistillatagrew faster
than single branch tips of that species. ForMontipora digitata, single branch tips showed the best performance (Osinga et al. 2012). Orientation refers to the position of the
fragment, for example horizontal, vertical (upright or
upside down) or suspended (Fig. 2e–g). Shaish and Rinkevich (2009) and Soong and Chen (2003) found different
morphogenetic patterns resulting from differences in initial
orientation, but the latter authors did not find differences
in growth between branches that had been positioned
upright, upside down or horizontally. Okuboet al.(2005)
found interactive effects between size and orientation (horizontal vs. vertical) with respect to growth and survival rates
of fragments ofAcropora formosa; in contrast to large frag
by further grow-out of the young colonies in sea-basednurseries (Epsteinet al.2001; Rinkevich 2005). An addedvalue of using small fragments is the fact that less materialfrom donor colonies is needed. Cutting away more than10% of adult colonies ofStylophora pistillatawas found toreduce the viability of the donor colonies (Epstein et al.2001). Additionally, from the perspective of the donor colonies, removal of long branches may render the originalcolonies infertile or result in low fecundities for some years,as observed for colonies ofAcropora palmataafter hurricane-induced natural fragmentation (Lirman 2000).In addition to size, the type and orientation of fragmentsshould also be considered. Type of fragment usually refersto branched species, which can be fragmented in severalways (Fig. 2a–d): taking single branch tips, dichotomousbranches, cylindrical sections of branches or flat fragments(i.e. cylindrical cuttings that are longitudinally cut into twoequal pieces). Different fragment types may exhibit different growth and survival rates. Rinkevich (2000) found thatdichotomous branches ofStylophora pistillatagrew fasterthan single branch tips of that species. ForMontipora digitata, single branch tips showed the best performance (Osinga et al. 2012). Orientation refers to the position of thefragment, for example horizontal, vertical (upright orupside down) or suspended (Fig. 2e–g). Shaish and Rinkevich (2009) and Soong and Chen (2003) found differentรูปแบบ morphogenetic ที่เกิดจากความแตกต่างในการเริ่มต้นปฐมนิเทศ แต่เขียนหลังไม่พบความแตกต่างในการเจริญเติบโตระหว่างสาขาที่ได้รับตำแหน่งตั้งตรง คว่ำ หรือแนวนอน Okuboet al.(2005)พบผลแบบโต้ตอบระหว่างขนาดและการวางแนว (แนวนอนกับแนวตั้ง) กับอัตราการเจริญเติบโตและอยู่รอดของชิ้นส่วน ofAcropora formosa ในขนาดใหญ่ถึง frag
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