Another note-worthy finding is that game-based learning did not achieve a significant overall effect in mobile learning,either. The major reason may be that most of the studies (e.g., Ketamo, 2003; Kim et al., 2011; Riconscente, 2013) focused on
using the mobile devices to provide learners with a handy and individualized game-based environment to enhance their motivation and engagement. However, the relationships between the concepts to be learned and the content of the game may not have been closely integrated, and therefore the effects of learning might not have been illustrated.