turned their attention to the effects of negotiation in
interaction, focusing on how learners become more communicatively competent and
display greater control of sociolinguistically appropriate, native-like language output, i.e.,
how negotiation develops learners’ IL toward the target language (TL) in ways other than
syntactic development. Instrumental in this research was earlier work by Long (1981b,
1983a, 1983b, 1996)