Sampling: The two best ways of delivering samples are at the point-ofpurchase or with direct mail. Sampling in-store or at a central location is perhaps the least expensive way of sampling, and for many products it is the only effective way. Direct mail is somewhat limited by the type of sample one can mail, but with a good mailing list it has the advantage of being able to better target delivery.
Refunds and rebates : The primary medium for a refund or rebate promotion is mass media. The reason for this is that refunds and rebates must be ‘ announced ’ and explained. This is ideally accommodated with an advertising-like message. The next most likely means of handling a refund or rebate would be at the point-of-purchase or through an FSI.
Loyalty and loading devices: Depending upon the specific promotion, direct mail or point-of-purchase are the most likely media for a loyalty or loading promotion. Loyalty programs are perhaps best suited to direct mail, while most loading promotions are best delivered at the point-of-purchase. While loyalty and loading devices do not necessarily require advertising, it is often useful to include mass media announcements or explanations of the program, especially if they are aimed at a broad-based target audience.
Premiums: Much like refunds or rebates, to be successful a premium promotion will generally require mass media advertising to generate awareness and interest. This is especially true if the premium is aimed at a broad-based target audience. More narrowly targeted premium promotions utilize direct mail or point-of-purchase. Point-of-purchase can provide a good recognition cue for a brand’s advertising, if well done, by including specific elements from the advertising ( Keller, 1987 ). Regardless of the primary medium, any premium promotion will also want to utilize in-store merchandising.
Sweepstakes, games, and contests: Again, here is a situation where mass media is going to be required to announce and explain the promotion, unless it is aimed at a more targeted audience where direct mail will work. Also, as with premiums, point-of-purchase display will generally be needed.