Saliva was collected in sterile 15 ml BD Falcon Centrifuge conical tubes (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) at least 30 min after the donor’s last intake of food or drink. Peripheral blood was drawn via venipuncture (without additive) and immediately spotted onto sterile cotton-tipped swabs (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh,PA). Saliva, semen, and peripheral blood, also referred to as‘‘measurable’’ body fluid stains, were spotted onto sterile cottontipped swabs in 50 ml aliquots. Samples of vaginal secretions and menstrual blood were collected directly onto sterile cotton-tipped swabs (Fisher Scientific)