3. Conclusions
Coffee is the second most consumed beverage in the world, behind water, and exerts a variety of health benefits. Relatively little is known about the effects of coffee on skeletal muscle, despite the important role of skeletal muscle and its secreted myokines in the progression of age-related diseases and aging. Current research has shown that in skeletal muscle coffee can induce autophagy, improve insulin sensitivity, increase glucose uptake, slow the progression of sarcopenia, and enhance regeneration in injured muscle. From these studies, it appears that coffee has a beneficial effect on skeletal muscle. However, all of the current studies investigating the effects of coffee on skeletal muscle have only utilized animal and in vitro models. No studies have utilized human subjects, thus highlighting the need for further investigation to reveal the full potential of coffee consumption on skeletal muscle structure and function.