To determine if there was a difference between the lines in
the temperature at which plants froze, Huang et al. (2002) used
high-resolution infrared thermography to observe the freezing process and determine the temperature at
which freezing was initiated (Fig. 1). Although plants were frozen
using four different protocols, transgenic lines expressing DAFP-1
with the signal peptide (DAFP in the apoplast) always froze at a
statistically lower temperature than wild-type plants, while those
with DAFP-1 confined to the cytoplasm did not. The four different
freezing protocols were as follows. (1) Whole plants with exposed
roots were placed in groups such that adhering soil was contiguous
and freezing was initiated in the soil to insure that all plants were
equally exposed to inoculation at the same temperature. Plants
were cooled at 5 ◦ C h−1 . The mean freezing temperature of trans-
genic plants expressing DAFP-1 with the signal peptide (DAFP in
the apoplast) was −4.6 ◦ C, which was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05)
than that of the wild-type which froze at an average of −3.3 ◦ C.
The freezing temperature of transgenics lacking the signal peptide,
and therefore lacking DAFP in the apoplast, was −3.9 ◦ C which was
not statistically different from the wild-type.
To determine if there was a difference between the lines in
the temperature at which plants froze, Huang et al. (2002) used
high-resolution infrared thermography to observe the freezing process and determine the temperature at
which freezing was initiated (Fig. 1). Although plants were frozen
using four different protocols, transgenic lines expressing DAFP-1
with the signal peptide (DAFP in the apoplast) always froze at a
statistically lower temperature than wild-type plants, while those
with DAFP-1 confined to the cytoplasm did not. The four different
freezing protocols were as follows. (1) Whole plants with exposed
roots were placed in groups such that adhering soil was contiguous
and freezing was initiated in the soil to insure that all plants were
equally exposed to inoculation at the same temperature. Plants
were cooled at 5 ◦ C h−1 . The mean freezing temperature of trans-
genic plants expressing DAFP-1 with the signal peptide (DAFP in
the apoplast) was −4.6 ◦ C, which was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05)
than that of the wild-type which froze at an average of −3.3 ◦ C.
The freezing temperature of transgenics lacking the signal peptide,
and therefore lacking DAFP in the apoplast, was −3.9 ◦ C which was
not statistically different from the wild-type.
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