Schizophrenia
Epidemiology
The groundbreaking epidemiological study that
firmly established the link between violence and
schizophrenia determined one-year prevalence of
violent behavior in schizophrenia as 8.4%, compared
with 2.1% in persons without any disorder (Swanson et
al. 1990). The study has also clearly indicated that the
risk of violence is further increased by comorbid
substance use disorders. These landmark findings were
further elaborated in a book chapter (Swanson 1994).
Swanson’s study was conducted in the United
States. Many subsequent epidemiological studies done
in various countries have confirmed and expanded
Swanson’s original findings (Volavka 2002).
A meta-analysis of 20 studies compared risks of
violence in 18,423 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia
and other psychoses with general population.
There was a modest but statistically significant increase
of risk of violence in schizophrenia with an odds ratio
(OR) of 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–2.7)
without comorbidity, and an OR of 8.9 (95% CI 5.4–
14.7) with comorbidity with substance abuse. Risk
estimate of violence in individuals with substance abuse
(but without psychosis) showed an OR of 7.4 (95%
CI=4.3-1) (Fazel et al. 2009).
A study analyzed data from the National Epidemiologic
Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
(NESARC), a two-wave project (N = 34,653: Wave 1:
2001-2003; Wave 2: 2004-2005). Indicators of mental
disorder in the year prior to Wave 1 were used to
examine violence between Waves 1 and 2 (Elbogen &
Johnson 2009). Surprisingly, severe mental illness did
not independently predict future violent behavior.
Comorbid substance use disorder was one of the
independent predictors.
However, we argued that the Elbogen analyses could
be improved and consequently we re-analyzed the same
NESARC data (Van Dorn et al. 2012). We found that
individuals with severe mental illness, irrespective of
substance abuse status, were significantly more likely to
be violent than those with no mental or substance use
disorders. Those with comorbid mental and substance
use disorders had the highest risk of violence. Historical
and current conditions were also associated with
violence, including childhood abuse and neglect,
household antisocial behavior, binge drinking and
stressful life events (Van Dorn et al. 2012).
Thus, substance abuse is a very important risk factor
for violence in schizophrenia. However, the weight of
evidence suggests that features of schizophrenia such as
psychotic symptoms and comorbid personality disorders
are also likely to be independent risk factors for violence
in individuals with schizophrenia (Volavka &
Swanson 2010).
SchizophreniaEpidemiologyThe groundbreaking epidemiological study thatfirmly established the link between violence andschizophrenia determined one-year prevalence ofviolent behavior in schizophrenia as 8.4%, comparedwith 2.1% in persons without any disorder (Swanson etal. 1990). The study has also clearly indicated that therisk of violence is further increased by comorbidsubstance use disorders. These landmark findings werefurther elaborated in a book chapter (Swanson 1994).Swanson’s study was conducted in the UnitedStates. Many subsequent epidemiological studies donein various countries have confirmed and expandedSwanson’s original findings (Volavka 2002).A meta-analysis of 20 studies compared risks ofviolence in 18,423 patients diagnosed with schizophreniaand other psychoses with general population.There was a modest but statistically significant increaseof risk of violence in schizophrenia with an odds ratio(OR) of 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–2.7)without comorbidity, and an OR of 8.9 (95% CI 5.4–14.7) with comorbidity with substance abuse. Riskestimate of violence in individuals with substance abuse(but without psychosis) showed an OR of 7.4 (95%CI=4.3-1) (Fazel et al. 2009).A study analyzed data from the National EpidemiologicSurvey on Alcohol and Related Conditions(NESARC), a two-wave project (N = 34,653: Wave 1:2001-2003; Wave 2: 2004-2005). Indicators of mentaldisorder in the year prior to Wave 1 were used to
examine violence between Waves 1 and 2 (Elbogen &
Johnson 2009). Surprisingly, severe mental illness did
not independently predict future violent behavior.
Comorbid substance use disorder was one of the
independent predictors.
However, we argued that the Elbogen analyses could
be improved and consequently we re-analyzed the same
NESARC data (Van Dorn et al. 2012). We found that
individuals with severe mental illness, irrespective of
substance abuse status, were significantly more likely to
be violent than those with no mental or substance use
disorders. Those with comorbid mental and substance
use disorders had the highest risk of violence. Historical
and current conditions were also associated with
violence, including childhood abuse and neglect,
household antisocial behavior, binge drinking and
stressful life events (Van Dorn et al. 2012).
Thus, substance abuse is a very important risk factor
for violence in schizophrenia. However, the weight of
evidence suggests that features of schizophrenia such as
psychotic symptoms and comorbid personality disorders
are also likely to be independent risk factors for violence
in individuals with schizophrenia (Volavka &
Swanson 2010).
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