where k (S/m) is the electrical conductivity of LWE, E (V/m) is the electric field strength, and t (s) is the duration of the pulse. The total energy applied (kJ)was calculated by multiplying the energy per pulse (W′) by the number of pulses. The total specific energy (W) applied (expressed in kJ/kg) was determined by dividing the total energy by the mass of treated LWE. Treatments were applied at an electric field strength of 25 kV/cm and a specific energy of 100 kJ/kg (8 pulses). This treatment intensity was chosen according to previously published work and established as energetically suitable, both in static and continuous conditions (Monfort et al., 2012b).