define impartiality as the opposite of favoritism. It combines
individualist and collectivist dimensions (like the notion of
the person). The difference between impersonality and
impartiality is not just conceptual. In a practical way, impersonality
puts processes at the center of organizations and
makes them responsible for all actions. As Bauman (1994)
have aptly commented, if things go wrong within an organization
where the responsibility is impersonal, the result is
astonishing: In practice, nobody is held responsible if everyone
has followed the rules. When nobody feels responsible,
horrible deeds could be accomplished. Impartiality allows
person to be responsible and promotes relationship between
different persons, not necessarily friendship, but openness to
others.
Sharing of Advantages and Risks Rather Than
Asymmetrical Power and Advantages
Much has been said about the financial risks incurred by
entrepreneurs and investors in business projects. In this matter,
the most adverse outcome is bankruptcy, which happens
quite frequently with small businesses. Yet, employees also
experience risks and inconveniences. Senior executives are
in a distinctive situation because they can negotiate considerable
advantages that often shelter them from the basic
contingencies of everyday life. The situation of “mere”
employees is strikingly different. Certain employees risk
their health, even their lives. Each year, in every country,
work-related accidents and deaths paint a sad picture. When
we add employees who have mental health problems in the
workplace, it seems that any financial compensation would
seem negligible for those facing these risks. But work is
rarely a choice; it’s a necessity for most people. We must
also take into account the inconveniences and sacrifices
necessary for employees to obtain a position, not to mention
to keep it. Thus, employees must be mobile and available;
they must accept the fact that work ties are weak and that
they will have to cope with the business cycle. Although the
notion of suffering at work has long interested specialists,
few have highlighted the advantages of pleasant working
conditions. It is possible that the Puritan attitude, which
stemmed from Protestant work ethics, has held up the development
of a work organization focused on the well-being of
its employees, and not solely on work discipline as it is usually
understood (Barbash, 1984). Relationships with colleagues
have long been recognized as a key factor of
resilience in the workplace (Brun, 2002). Contrary to competitive
situations in which workers are pitted “against”
each other, cooperation and participation foster interpersonal
ties, which permit the unfolding of positive effects
through supportive social relationships. In the same way,
hierarchal relationships within the workplace provide a
plethora of possibilities, which stems from the style of leadership
adopted, a style that must be chosen to induce respect
and morality toward the employees.
Considering the set of mental and physical health factors,
entailed by the psychosocial factors of work within firms, we
are forced to conclude that one must have a global and ethical
vision to use the tools to manage employees, from job
attribution to performance appreciation. Only a wide perspective
enables corrections to be made to current practices
and makes it possible to go beyond traditional HRM.
Traditional HRM has proven to be successful in terms of
increasing a firm’s sales figures, but demonstrates far less
success in terms of increasing human well-being. A good
start would be to better balance all the advantages and disadvantages
encountered by working in organization (Cleveland
et al., 2015).
Tools as Guide and Not as Ends in Themselves
HRM in practice is mainly concerned with tools as it is fashioned
as a bureaucratic solution to the human problem in
organizations. In keeping with this spirit, Pettersen (2000)
explains how to develop and validate measurement instruments
to assess human potential in organizations. He advocates
a mechanistic approach to lessen the judgment and
interpretation of the persons building and using the tool. This
conception comes close to the computer metaphor (Morgan,
1986). Yet, if one wants to be able to take into account the
complexity of persons and their environment, it would be
preferable to change metaphors. An alternative metaphor
founded on the concept of enaction may better take into
account at the same time the subjective character of the subject
as well as the objective character of the object. This
would allow persons to use the tools as guides and use their
professional judgment to act. The tools are representations of
a reality, but they are not the reality (the map is not the territory).
Although these representations are useful for understanding
reality, they should leave room for professional
judgment. Acting within the computer metaphor may lead to
being less responsible, because, in this case, the action does
not depend on reflection but on an automatic procedure. The
actor is not responsible for the action because he has not
made a decision; rather, he has applied a procedure mechanically.
In this instance, the tool, which can be seen at the outset
as a way of attaining finality, can become an end unto
itself. This change from medium to end makes it possible to
disregard the essential finality. A mechanistic approach,
through its determinism, puts emphasis on the fulfillment of
prefixed criteria. However, complex situations (the same is
true of persons) shed light on unexpected elements. This
unpredictability can help reach the original finalities differently
from the way previously programmed. Must we favor
the ends we strive to reach or stick to the ways we have chosen
for reaching them? Adopting logic based on finalities
rather than on processes would seem to us preferable for
ordering priorities. The professionalism of managers allows
them to use their judgment in attaining their goal because
they are guided, not blinded, by management tools. This
define impartiality as the opposite of favoritism. It combinesindividualist and collectivist dimensions (like the notion ofthe person). The difference between impersonality andimpartiality is not just conceptual. In a practical way, impersonalityputs processes at the center of organizations andmakes them responsible for all actions. As Bauman (1994)have aptly commented, if things go wrong within an organizationwhere the responsibility is impersonal, the result isastonishing: In practice, nobody is held responsible if everyonehas followed the rules. When nobody feels responsible,horrible deeds could be accomplished. Impartiality allowsperson to be responsible and promotes relationship betweendifferent persons, not necessarily friendship, but openness toothers.Sharing of Advantages and Risks Rather ThanAsymmetrical Power and AdvantagesMuch has been said about the financial risks incurred byentrepreneurs and investors in business projects. In this matter,the most adverse outcome is bankruptcy, which happensquite frequently with small businesses. Yet, employees alsoexperience risks and inconveniences. Senior executives arein a distinctive situation because they can negotiate considerableadvantages that often shelter them from the basiccontingencies of everyday life. The situation of “mere”employees is strikingly different. Certain employees risktheir health, even their lives. Each year, in every country,work-related accidents and deaths paint a sad picture. Whenwe add employees who have mental health problems in theworkplace, it seems that any financial compensation wouldseem negligible for those facing these risks. But work israrely a choice; it’s a necessity for most people. We mustalso take into account the inconveniences and sacrificesnecessary for employees to obtain a position, not to mentionto keep it. Thus, employees must be mobile and available;they must accept the fact that work ties are weak and thatthey will have to cope with the business cycle. Although thenotion of suffering at work has long interested specialists,few have highlighted the advantages of pleasant workingconditions. It is possible that the Puritan attitude, whichstemmed from Protestant work ethics, has held up the developmentof a work organization focused on the well-being ofits employees, and not solely on work discipline as it is usuallyunderstood (Barbash, 1984). Relationships with colleagueshave long been recognized as a key factor ofresilience in the workplace (Brun, 2002). Contrary to competitivesituations in which workers are pitted “against”each other, cooperation and participation foster interpersonalties, which permit the unfolding of positive effectsthrough supportive social relationships. In the same way,hierarchal relationships within the workplace provide aplethora of possibilities, which stems from the style of leadershipหมายถึง ลักษณะที่ต้องเลือกเพื่อก่อให้เกิดความเคารพและจริยธรรมต่อพนักงานพิจารณาชุดของปัจจัยทางกายภาพ และจิตใจสาเหตุของการทำงานภายในบริษัท psychosocial entailed เราถูกบังคับให้สรุปว่า หนึ่งต้อง เป็นสากล และจริยธรรมวิสัยทัศน์การใช้เครื่องมือในการจัดการพนักงาน จากงานแสดงการเพิ่มค่าประสิทธิภาพการทำงาน เฉพาะมุมมองกว้างช่วยแก้ไขให้ทำการปฏิบัติปัจจุบันและทำให้เกิน HRM ดั้งเดิมHRM ดั้งเดิมได้พิสูจน์ให้ประสบความสำเร็จในแง่ของเพิ่มยอดขายของบริษัท แต่แสดงให้เห็นน้อยมากความสำเร็จในแง่ของมนุษย์กำลังเพิ่มขึ้น ดีเริ่มต้นจะดีกว่า สมดุลข้อดีและข้อเสียประสบการทำงานในองค์กร (คลีฟแลนด์ร้อยเอ็ด al., 2015)เครื่องมือที่แนะนำ และไม่ เป็นการสิ้นสุดในตัวเองHRM ในทางปฏิบัติส่วนใหญ่เกี่ยวข้องกับเครื่องมือมันเป็นแบบเป็นการแก้ไขปัญหาบุคคลในราชการองค์กร เพื่อวิญญาณนี้ Pettersen (2000)อธิบายถึงวิธีการพัฒนา และตรวจสอบเครื่องมือวัดการประเมินศักยภาพบุคคลในองค์กร เขาสนับสนุนวิธีการแบบกลไกการทำวายพิพากษา และการตีความของอาคาร และการใช้เครื่องมือ นี้คิดมาใกล้เทียบคอมพิวเตอร์ (มอร์แกน1986) . แต่ ถ้าใครอยากจะนำเข้าบัญชีความซับซ้อนของบุคคลและสภาพแวดล้อมของพวกเขา มันจะpreferable to change metaphors. An alternative metaphorfounded on the concept of enaction may better take intoaccount at the same time the subjective character of the subjectas well as the objective character of the object. Thiswould allow persons to use the tools as guides and use theirprofessional judgment to act. The tools are representations ofa reality, but they are not the reality (the map is not the territory).Although these representations are useful for understandingreality, they should leave room for professionaljudgment. Acting within the computer metaphor may lead tobeing less responsible, because, in this case, the action doesnot depend on reflection but on an automatic procedure. Theactor is not responsible for the action because he has notmade a decision; rather, he has applied a procedure mechanically.In this instance, the tool, which can be seen at the outsetas a way of attaining finality, can become an end untoitself. This change from medium to end makes it possible todisregard the essential finality. A mechanistic approach,through its determinism, puts emphasis on the fulfillment ofprefixed criteria. However, complex situations (the same istrue of persons) shed light on unexpected elements. Thisunpredictability can help reach the original finalities differentlyfrom the way previously programmed. Must we favorthe ends we strive to reach or stick to the ways we have chosenfor reaching them? Adopting logic based on finalitiesrather than on processes would seem to us preferable forordering priorities. The professionalism of managers allowsthem to use their judgment in attaining their goal becausethey are guided, not blinded, by management tools. This
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