notes that System 2 is more engaged when it
suspects an impending error, but unfortunately, it is not very alert, easily misled by
System 1 and often lazy in the sense that it would rather let System 1 guide decisions
rather than make the greater effort to perform slow thinking. He notes (p. 45) several
classic studies where people have made relatively obvious logic errors that they likely
could have avoided if they were suitably engaged, and that the minds of people who use
System 2 thinking appear to be more active. Lean workers are motivated to be engaged
and have active minds because everyone is expected to contribute to help achieve the
high standards. Workers trust that management will respect and implement their ideas
if they are value-adding and not punish the workers if they want to stop the system to
take the time to perform System 2 thinking (e.g. by pulling an andon cord and
performing subsequent problem-solving). The high standards of lean environments use
System 1 thinking to prime the workers to see the need and opportunity for
improvement. Combined with mutual trust, this makes them more likely to engage their
System 2 thinking using relevant lean work practices, which makes them more likely to
realize those improvements. Successes help drive further System 2 engagement through
increased pride (Adler, 1993; Conti et al., 2006) and positive confirmation bias as part of
a virtuous circle