We can now briefly summarise the results so far for the participatory theory of democracy, in its educative or socialisation aspect, of our examination of the empirical evidence on participation in industry. The only revision necessary is on the question of the development of the sense of political efficacy; lower level participation may well be sufficient for this. Turning to the wider educative effects of participation there seem to be few practical barrien to the institution of a system of higher levd partial participation; certainly it appears compatible with economic efficiency. Thus, Eckstein's 'congruency' argument about the need for 'authoritarian' elements in national government requires modification in at least this respect. Unfortunately, owing to the isolated nature and the unique features of these three examples of higher level'partial participation, it is difficult to draw 6rm general conclusions. In particular, we cannot hope to answer the important question of how far rank and file worken are likely to be interested in and to take up such participation opportunities until we have information on the effect of a system that combines both lower and higher level participation.