TARGET CHARACTERISTICS Some people are more easily persuaded than others. Individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasion than are individuals with high self-esteem. Individuals who hold very extreme attitudes are more resistant to persuasion, and people who are in a good mood are easier to persuade.50 Undoubtedly, individuals differ widely in their susceptibility to persuasion. Managers must recognize these differences and realize that their attempts to change attitudes may not receive universal acceptance.
MESSAGE CHARACTERISTICS Suppose you must implement an unpopular policy at work. You want to persuade your employees that the policy is a positive change. Should you present one side of the issue or both sides? Given that your employees are already negatively inclined toward the policy, you will have more success in changing their attitudes if you present both sides. This shows support for one side of the issue while acknowledging that another side does exist. Moreover, refuting the other side makes it more difficult for the targets to hang on to their negative attitudes.
Messages that are obviously designed to change the target's attitude may be met with considerable negative reaction. In fact, undisguised deliberate attempts at changing attitudes may cause attitude change in the opposite direction! This is most likely to occur when the target of the persuasive communication feels her or his freedom is threatened.51 Less threatening approaches are less likely to elicit negative reactions. The emotional tone of the message is also important. Persuasion is more successful when messages are framed with the same emotion as that felt by the receiver.52
COGNITIVE ROUTES TO PERSUASION When are message characteristics more important, and when are other characteristics more important in persuasion, presented in Figure4.2, proposes that persuasion occurs over two routes: the central route and the peripheralroute.53 The routes are differentiated by the amount of elaboration, or scrutiny, the target is motivated to give the message.
The central route to persuasion involves direct cognitive processing of the message's content. When an issue is personally relevant, the individual is motivated to think carefully about it. The listener may nod his/her head when the argument is strong and shake his/her head if the argument is weak.54 In the central route, the content of the message is very important. If the arguments presented are logical and convincing, attitude change will follow.
TARGET CHARACTERISTICS Some people are more easily persuaded than others. Individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasion than are individuals with high self-esteem. Individuals who hold very extreme attitudes are more resistant to persuasion, and people who are in a good mood are easier to persuade.50 Undoubtedly, individuals differ widely in their susceptibility to persuasion. Managers must recognize these differences and realize that their attempts to change attitudes may not receive universal acceptance.
MESSAGE CHARACTERISTICS Suppose you must implement an unpopular policy at work. You want to persuade your employees that the policy is a positive change. Should you present one side of the issue or both sides? Given that your employees are already negatively inclined toward the policy, you will have more success in changing their attitudes if you present both sides. This shows support for one side of the issue while acknowledging that another side does exist. Moreover, refuting the other side makes it more difficult for the targets to hang on to their negative attitudes.
Messages that are obviously designed to change the target's attitude may be met with considerable negative reaction. In fact, undisguised deliberate attempts at changing attitudes may cause attitude change in the opposite direction! This is most likely to occur when the target of the persuasive communication feels her or his freedom is threatened.51 Less threatening approaches are less likely to elicit negative reactions. The emotional tone of the message is also important. Persuasion is more successful when messages are framed with the same emotion as that felt by the receiver.52
COGNITIVE ROUTES TO PERSUASION When are message characteristics more important, and when are other characteristics more important in persuasion, presented in Figure4.2, proposes that persuasion occurs over two routes: the central route and the peripheralroute.53 The routes are differentiated by the amount of elaboration, or scrutiny, the target is motivated to give the message.
The central route to persuasion involves direct cognitive processing of the message's content. When an issue is personally relevant, the individual is motivated to think carefully about it. The listener may nod his/her head when the argument is strong and shake his/her head if the argument is weak.54 In the central route, the content of the message is very important. If the arguments presented are logical and convincing, attitude change will follow.
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