in 2007. Twelve five-star hotels such as Ritz-Carlton, Hilton,
Sofitel, Marriott, and Hyatt, who work in the food and beverage
division, participated in this study. Top-ranked family restaurants
and contract-managed foodservices were chosen in terms
of sales in 2006. Once the human resources manager gave
permission, employees were provided with a voluntary survey
and were asked by the researcher to complete the selfadministered
questionnaires. The completed questionnaires
were sealed in envelopes to protect employee anonymity and
collected by the researcher one week later. After eliminating
incomplete questionnaires, a total of 788 questionnaires
were obtained over the three-week period (response rate of
77.15%).
3.2. Instrument development