As well, the absence of direct input from the learners is of significant concern. The majority
of the participants acknowledged that learner information is provided by the sponsors or
clients or gathered via other sources with no direct learner input. Some of the designers,
however, expressed a strong desire to include the learner in the process, either before or
after delivery, to understand the learning gaps created due to cultural differences. Designer
5 asserted that even an otherwise thorough cultural analysis process is incomplete without
learners’ input. Hence, there is a need to redefine the role of learners as active participants in the cultural analysis process, whether it is to gather new information or to validate the
assumptions based on research information.