Participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were outpatients recruited from community mental health teams in South London using the following inclusion criteria: (i) DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, (ii) aged 18–65yrs, (iii) good command of the English language. They were excluded if they had: (i) primary DSM-IV diagnosis of substance abuse, (ii) severe learning difficulties (iii) changes to medication in the last 6 weeks.