The effects ofpollution on the population level is comparable in magnitude to the effects offishing pressure , and considerable research has been done attempting to apply welldeveloped fish- ery models to predict the population effects of pollution . However, most models are extremely sensitive to changes in survival estimates ofeggs and larvae, which are often difficult to estimate due to complex spatial and temporal dynamics ofichthyoplankton and to sampling problems , but may be more affected by pollution than adult fish . Furthermore, while most
models are capable ofincorporating densitydependent factors, in practice they have not , and may thus be oflimited value to predict long-term effects
ofreduced recruitment to wild populations.