the mechanization of industries, old and new , produced what amounted to anther profession-that of engineer. Originally, engineers had been men who designed and constructed fortifications and engines of war. But as industrial invention proceeded and became more complicated, it gave rise to " civil engineers" trained to plan and build roads, docks, canals, aqueducts, drainage systems, lighthouses, ect. In 1828 the civil engineers of London formed a society.