16.3 The elements of an APA-style research report
In the previous section, we identified the components of a complete manuscript. In this section, we look in more detail at the contents of each part, dividing the body of they manuscript into additional subsections that make up the majority of a research report.
Title Page
The title page is the first page of the manuscript and contains, in order from top to bottom of the page, the running head and page number (1), the title of the paper, the author names (byline) and affiliations, and author note.
Running Head and Page Number
The first line of the title page is the running head and the page number 1. The running head is a complete, but abbreviated, title that contains a maximum of 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. On the title page, the running head begins at the left margin with the phrase, Running head: followed by the abbreviated title, all in capital letters. The page number appears at the right margin. An example of a running head and page number on a title page would appear as follows:
Running head: SCHOOL SIZE AND CYBERBULLYING
The running head (without the phrase Running head typed out) and page number run consecutively on every page of the manuscript. An example of a running head and page number on all subsequent pages after the title page would appear as follows:
SCHOOL SIZE AND CYBERBULLYING
The pages are numbered consecutively, starting with the title page, so that the manuscript can be reassembled if the pages become mixed, and to allow editors and reviewers to refer to specific itmes by their page number. To have the running head and page number appear on each page of the manuscript, generate them using headers in a word-processing program. Do not manually type this information in on each page. In a published article, the running head appears at the top of the pages to identify the article for the readers.
Title
The title, typed in upper and lower case letters, is positioned in the upper half of the page centered between the left and right margins. It is recommended that a title be no more than 12 words in length. The title should be a concise statement that describes your study as accurately and completely as possible. It should identify the main variables or theories, and the relationships being investigated. Keep in mind that the words used in the title are often the basis for indexing and referencing your paper. Also remember that the title gives the first impression of your paper and often determines whether an individual reads the rest of the article. Following are some general guidelines for writing a title:
1. Avoid unnecessary words. It is tempting to begin your title with “A study of “ or “The relationship between.” However, these phrases usually do not add any useful information and can be deleted with no negative consequences.
2. If possible, the first word in the title should be of special relevance or importance to the content of the paper. If your main topic concerns gender stereotypes, try to begin your title with “Gender stereotypes.” Again, your title gives the first impression of the article and the first few words provide the first impression of the title.
3. Avoid cute or catchy titles. For example, newspaper headlines often use catchy phrases to attract the reader’s attention. However, this type of title is usually not appropriate for a research study because it typically does not provide the reader with much information about the content of the article.
Author Name (Byline) and Affiliation
Immediately following the title, centered on the next double-spaced lines, are the author’s name, followed by the instruction where each researcher was when the research was conducted (without the words by or from). If there are multiple authors, the order of the names is usually significant; the first author listed is typically the individual who made the primary contribution to the research, and the remaining authors are listed in descending order of their contributions.
The author note is placed on the title page, several lines below the title, by-line, and affiliation. The words Author Note are centered on one line with the paragraphs comprising the author note beginning on the next double-spaced line. Typically the author note contains four paragraphs, each paragraph starting with an indent, that provide details about the authors, including:
16.3 The elements of an APA-style research report
In the previous section, we identified the components of a complete manuscript. In this section, we look in more detail at the contents of each part, dividing the body of they manuscript into additional subsections that make up the majority of a research report.
Title Page
The title page is the first page of the manuscript and contains, in order from top to bottom of the page, the running head and page number (1), the title of the paper, the author names (byline) and affiliations, and author note.
Running Head and Page Number
The first line of the title page is the running head and the page number 1. The running head is a complete, but abbreviated, title that contains a maximum of 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. On the title page, the running head begins at the left margin with the phrase, Running head: followed by the abbreviated title, all in capital letters. The page number appears at the right margin. An example of a running head and page number on a title page would appear as follows:
Running head: SCHOOL SIZE AND CYBERBULLYING
The running head (without the phrase Running head typed out) and page number run consecutively on every page of the manuscript. An example of a running head and page number on all subsequent pages after the title page would appear as follows:
SCHOOL SIZE AND CYBERBULLYING
The pages are numbered consecutively, starting with the title page, so that the manuscript can be reassembled if the pages become mixed, and to allow editors and reviewers to refer to specific itmes by their page number. To have the running head and page number appear on each page of the manuscript, generate them using headers in a word-processing program. Do not manually type this information in on each page. In a published article, the running head appears at the top of the pages to identify the article for the readers.
Title
The title, typed in upper and lower case letters, is positioned in the upper half of the page centered between the left and right margins. It is recommended that a title be no more than 12 words in length. The title should be a concise statement that describes your study as accurately and completely as possible. It should identify the main variables or theories, and the relationships being investigated. Keep in mind that the words used in the title are often the basis for indexing and referencing your paper. Also remember that the title gives the first impression of your paper and often determines whether an individual reads the rest of the article. Following are some general guidelines for writing a title:
1. Avoid unnecessary words. It is tempting to begin your title with “A study of “ or “The relationship between.” However, these phrases usually do not add any useful information and can be deleted with no negative consequences.
2. If possible, the first word in the title should be of special relevance or importance to the content of the paper. If your main topic concerns gender stereotypes, try to begin your title with “Gender stereotypes.” Again, your title gives the first impression of the article and the first few words provide the first impression of the title.
3. Avoid cute or catchy titles. For example, newspaper headlines often use catchy phrases to attract the reader’s attention. However, this type of title is usually not appropriate for a research study because it typically does not provide the reader with much information about the content of the article.
Author Name (Byline) and Affiliation
Immediately following the title, centered on the next double-spaced lines, are the author’s name, followed by the instruction where each researcher was when the research was conducted (without the words by or from). If there are multiple authors, the order of the names is usually significant; the first author listed is typically the individual who made the primary contribution to the research, and the remaining authors are listed in descending order of their contributions.
The author note is placed on the title page, several lines below the title, by-line, and affiliation. The words Author Note are centered on one line with the paragraphs comprising the author note beginning on the next double-spaced line. Typically the author note contains four paragraphs, each paragraph starting with an indent, that provide details about the authors, including:
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