The O1s XPS spectrum of GO exhibited different shapes compared to the composite, as shown in Fig. 5F. The peak at the binding energy of 532.2 eV originated from the hydroxyl and epoxy groups present in GO. While for the TNFs and composite, the peak at 530.75 eV was attributed to the TiAO bonds present in the NFs. The peak due to the oxygen of the oxygen containing functional groups reduced substantially in the composite.