by SUI and incomplete bladder emptying. These findings
are similar to the results of Sun et al. [7]. van Brummen
et al. [2] reported a high prevalence of frequency and
urgency symptoms at 12 weeks of gestational age and that
these symptoms then remained stable during the other two
trimesters. However, we obtained opposite results in that
irritating symptoms progressively occurred with advanced
gestational age, in accordance with previous studies [7, 14].
Frequency, nocturia, and SUI are common urinary problems
during pregnancy. Viktrup [15] reported that frequency
and nocturia did not significantly increase in the five years
after the first delivery. Persistent SUI and urgency urinary
incontinence three months after delivery are risk factors
for long-lasting problems. Pelvic muscle training has been
shown to improve SUI, frequency, and urgency, and therefore
antepartum pelvic muscle training is important to prevent
postpartum urinary symptoms [16–18].
Our finding that multiparous women experienced more
SUI than nulliparouswomen is similar to previous studies [6–
8]. Panayi and Khullar reported that approximately 20% of
multiparous women with SUI during the first trimester had
levator ani muscle defects on magnetic resonance imaging
compared to nulliparous women [19]. Previous pelvic floor
trauma after vaginal delivery resulting in poor support for the
urethra may explain why multiparous women have a higher
prevalence of SUI [20]. In addition, other studies [2, 21] have
reported that the course of pregnancy also plays an important
by SUI and incomplete bladder emptying. These findingsare similar to the results of Sun et al. [7]. van Brummenet al. [2] reported a high prevalence of frequency andurgency symptoms at 12 weeks of gestational age and thatthese symptoms then remained stable during the other twotrimesters. However, we obtained opposite results in thatirritating symptoms progressively occurred with advancedgestational age, in accordance with previous studies [7, 14].Frequency, nocturia, and SUI are common urinary problemsduring pregnancy. Viktrup [15] reported that frequencyand nocturia did not significantly increase in the five yearsafter the first delivery. Persistent SUI and urgency urinaryincontinence three months after delivery are risk factorsfor long-lasting problems. Pelvic muscle training has beenshown to improve SUI, frequency, and urgency, and thereforeantepartum pelvic muscle training is important to preventpostpartum urinary symptoms [16–18].Our finding that multiparous women experienced moreSUI than nulliparouswomen is similar to previous studies [6–8]. Panayi and Khullar reported that approximately 20% ofmultiparous women with SUI during the first trimester hadlevator ani muscle defects on magnetic resonance imagingcompared to nulliparous women [19]. Previous pelvic floortrauma after vaginal delivery resulting in poor support for theurethra may explain why multiparous women have a higherprevalence of SUI [20]. In addition, other studies [2, 21] havereported that the course of pregnancy also plays an important
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