improvements in metabolic or lipoprotein profiles. The findings did
however demonstrate significant improvements in submaximal heart
rates, blood lactates and ratings of perceived exertion indicating an overall
improvement in cardiovascular fitness.
Contrary to the above studies, some have noted improvements in
weight control and management following swim training. Sideraviciute
et al reported a reduction in body mass following a 14-wk swimming
program in both healthy and Type I diabetic women [60]. Cox et al
noted a greater improvement in body weight, and fat distribution
(waist and hip circumference) following a 12 month moderate intensity
swimming program compared with walking, in sedentary older women
[61]. To date, studies have provided novel but contradictory information
regarding the efficacy of swimming as a trainingmodality for successful
weight loss and management.
Modification of other risk factors important in the evolution of CHD
in relation to swimming continues to be studied. In patients with Coronary
Artery Disease,without depressed left ventricular systolic function
or active angina, water training exercises were shown to significantly
reduce cholesterol, triglycerides, and to increase exercise tolerance as
compared to controls. In addition, it was comparable to land exercises
such as running in risk factor modification [62]. Swimming results in a
significant increase in high density lipoprotein levels in swimmers partaking
in intense activity, while the benefit was not seen to the same
extent in more moderate exercise (Table 2) [63]. More recent studies
have shown that swimming has a role in preventing loss in central artery
compliance, which is comparable to running in this regard [64]. Improvements
were seen in flow mediated dilation and cardiovagal baroreflex