Several limitations suggest caution in interpreting the findings. First, the data we used to assess the hypotheses were cross-sectional and survey based, raising the specter of common method bias. However, diagnostic tests suggested that such bias does not appear to be a problem in our data. Each GMO’s performance reflects not just input from the respondent within that organization but also input from all respondents whose organizations were in a particular country. Second, although we drew on extant literature to identify theoretically sound GMO dimensions, further research may reveal additional critical dimensions, possibly leading to a conceptual refinement of the GMO framework. Third, in one case, we failed to find discriminant validity between two scales—namely, in the Norwegian data involving leadership and culture.