2.2. Spread samples preparationSpreads were prepared according to the method described byBeckett with some modifications [19]. A water-soluble mixture ofsugar (45%, w/w), milk powder (13.5%, w/w), pistachio paste (10%,w/w), XG (0 and 0.3%, w/w), LBG (0.09%, w/w) and salt (0.04%,w/w) refined to particle size <30 m using a combination of twoandfive-roll refiners. The fat-soluble ingredients including PO (7.5and 15%, w/w), surfactants (DMG; 0.5 and 1%, w/w) and PGPR(0.3%, w/w) were separately mixed and then added to the formermixture at 50 ◦C temperature. The obtained mixture after refiningfor 2 h was transferred to a laboratory-scale conch. Conchingprocess is a necessary stage for achieving to the suitable viscosityand satisfactory texture and flavor for spreads. This step as anendpoint for manufacture of PO-based spreads was optimized byphysico-chemical changes in the final product. Proper control oftemperature (50–60 ◦C) during conching is necessary to producea high-quality spread. Time of this step depends on the compositionof the mass, but it is normally 8–10 h for spread [20]. At theend of the stage of conching, interactions between disperse andcontinuous phase were promoted, and different formulation werethen hot-filled into special containers, cooled and kept at 25 ◦C forfurther analyses. Sixteen PO-based spreads (A–P samples) with differentformulations were prepared according to the full factorialการออกแบบ (ตารางที่ 1)เราศึกษาเบื้องต้นพบว่าการเพิ่มของ LBG และPGPR ที่ความเข้มข้นสูงสุด 0.09% และ 0.3% (w/w) ตามลำดับส่งผลให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลง textural ต้องแพร่กระจายตาม POในการศึกษานี้ สองถูกต้องค้าแพร่กระจาย ภายใน (ตัวอย่าง
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