Each OR team had 2 medical students (surgeon and first assistant roles), 2 undergraduate nursing students (circulating and scrub nurse roles), and 2 nurse anesthesia students(primaryandsecondaryanesthetistroles).Students switched roles within their discipline (eg, an undergraduate nurse moving from scrub nurse to circulating nurse) for the second scenario. In cases where more than 2 students from a particular profession were present, 2 students would participate in the first scenario and the other 2 would observe. Students then would switch for the second scenario; all present participated in debriefings.