turned Smith's economic philosophy in to a deductive heuristic model in the 4th decade of the 19th century to examine and explain the primary decision-making process of people living in western societies. This formalized a deductive approach to the study of economic activity inwestern societies that relied on reductionism through heuristic modeling to explore the “fit” between model and observed behavior.Mill believed that such an approach would illuminatethe primary, but not sole, driving force behind human decisionmaking in western societies. Further efforts to create a mathematicallybased, scientific approach to the study of economics led to increasingly reductionistic approaches after 1870